I hope that you have spent time reviewing your overviews for the AP exam on Friday. Remember that you will need to report to the Busport by 7:30 am on Friday with your ID, well rested and having eaten a good breakfast. Review sessions will continue as scheduled during the week. If you plan on leaving after the AP exam, you MUST check out in Admin 2 when the exam is over. FOREIGN POLICY OUTLINE - CLICK BELOW!! ON CONTINUE READINGS (I can give you a bolded copy at school.
Monday - complete the Foreign Policy info. Video 45/85 You will receive the Foreign Policy Quest not due until WED!.:-) If you have a problem with this, speak with me. Remeber that I will be giving an AP exam this afternoon so I appreciate your cooperation.
Tuesday - finish foreign policy and begin Economic - Compare the New Deal (FD Roosevelt) to Great Society (LB Johnson)legislation
Wednesday - continue - Economics & Social movements
Thursday - Tie up any loose ends..What do you need?
Friday - Mind Full and ready to roll!! You guys have been wonderful and you will be successful !!
AP US History FOREIGN AFFAIRS
Washington's presidency Proclamation of Neutrality
1. Genet Affair
2. Beginnings of political parties
B. John Adams' presidency
1. Alien and Sedition Acts
2. XYZ affair – diplomatic controversy in 1798 in which French officials demanded bribes of American negotiators
The Age of Jefferson, 1800-1816
1. Louisiana Purchase
2. Burr conspiracy
3. Neutral rights, impressment, embargo
4. Barbary war = between the barbary States and the US bribes had been demanded for passage but when the leader of Tripoli raised bribe rates too high Jefferson said no more
B. James Madison
C. War of 1812 = USA v. Great Britain
1. Causes – War Hawks members of Congress who pushed for war
2. Invasion of Canada
3. Hartford Convention
4. Conduct of the war
5. Treaty of Ghent
6. New Orleans
Nationalism and Economic Expansion
A. James Monroe; Era of Good Feelings
B. Foreign affairs: Canada, Florida- Adams-Onis Treaty = 1819 treaty in which Spain ceded Florida to the US , the Monroe Doctrine = foreign policy doctrine set forth by President Monroe in 1823 that discouraged European colonization/intervention in the Western hemisphere
Sectionalism
1. Manifest Destiny – Frederick Jackson Turner’s thesis – Frontier drives American policy character and mission
2. Lone Star Republic = Texas formed in 1835; 1845 annexation to the US, the Oregon boundary, and California
3. James K. Polk and the Mexican- American War; Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo - slavery and the Wilmot Proviso =(proposed but rejected bill in 1846 that would have banned slavery in the territory won from Mexico in the Mexican American war) Gadsden Purchase = 1853 purchase of land ( present day Arizon and New Mexico ) from Mexico to aid the completion of the railroad
4. Later expansionist efforts Creating an American Culture.
5. The 1850's: Decade of Crisis
Civil War
1. The South
1. Cotton trade with Britain
2. Foreign affairs and diplomacy – Trent Affair
3. Lincoln’s diplomacy – kept Britain and France out
Reconstruction / New South and the Last West
Industrialization and Corporate Consolidation Urban Society
Intellectual and Cultural Movements
National Politics, 1877-1896: The Gilded Age
Foreign Policy, 1865-1914
1. Seward ( Secretary of State under Lincoln and A.Johnson) and the purchase of Alaska “Sewards Folly” “Seward’s Icebox” Russia & G.Britain claimed it and Russia assumed control – Sewards lobbying resulted in purchase for $7.2 million from Russia
2. French in Mexico – Napoleon III sent troops to occupy Mexico while US busy fighting the Civil War. Seward threatened military action and French troops were withdrawn. Maximilian the French puppet leader was executed in Mexico.
3. The new imperialism= US needed worldwide markets, sources for raw materials and naval bases (valve for the unhappy re: labor unrest)
1. Blaine and Latin America – Secretary of State for Pres. Harrison
2. International Darwinism: missionaries, politicians, and naval expansionists U.S. Navy captain Alfred Thayer Mahan “The Influence of Sea Power upon History” Strong navy critical to becoming a world power
3. Spanish-American War -causes Sinking of the Maine, de Lome letter, jingoism, Yellow Press – sensational Newspapers who used exaggerated stories to promote readership ( war = Hearst and Pulitzer) Treaty of Paris 1898 – Cuba is “free”, US gets Puerto Rico & Guam and Spain sells Philippines to USA for 20Mil US now a World power
a. Cuban independence Platt amendment = set of conditions under which Cuba was granted independence in 1902 including restrictions on rights of Cubans and granting of US “right to intervene”
b. Foraker Act establishing a civil government in Puerto Rico
c. Debate on Philippines
4. The Far East: John Hay and the Open Door Policy = American statement that the government did not want colonies in China but favored free trade policies there Boxer Rebellion – violence started by members of a secret society in China that was anti foreigners which prompted the governments of Europe and America to send troops to squash the rebellion
5. Theodore Roosevelt
1. The Panama Canal = US recognized Panama’s independence from Colombia and TR authorized building of waterway link Hay-Bunau –Varilla Treaty= American control “in perpetuity” intervention to preserve order, payment of $10 mil and $250,000 annual rent
2. Roosevelt Corollary = reassertion of the Monroe Doctrine to proclaim the US as international police power Great White Fleet = battleships sent by Roosevelt in 1907 on a “good will cruise” around the world “Big Stick” diplomacy = Theodore Roosevelts policy and creating and using when necessary a strong military to achieve America’s goals “Speak softly and carry a big stick”
3. Far East “Gentlemen’s Agreement” pact between the US and Japan to end segregation of Asian children n San Francisco public schools. In return, Japan agreed to limit the immigration of its citizens to the USA.
6. Taft and dollar diplomacy = expanding American investments abroad to encourage democracy especially in Latin America
7. Wilson and “moral diplomacy” = his statement that the US would not use force to assert influence in the world but would work instead to promote human rights
8. Wilsons “watchful waiting’ in regards to Huertas overthrow in Mexico, after Pancho Villa continues to raid and kill in US he sends General Pershing to seize him
Progressive Era
The First World War
1. Problems of neutrality
1. Submarines UBoat = German submarines when a U Boat torpedoed and unarmed French vessel the Sussex President Wilson threatened to sever diplomatic ties the German government gave the Sussex pledge not to sink merchant vessels without first trying to save lives.
2. Economic ties
3. Psychological and ethnic ties
4. Zimmermann telegram – written by foreign minister Zimmermann proposing an alliance between Germany and Mexico against the USA during World War I
2. Preparedness and pacifism
3. Mobilization Selective Service Act = authorizing a draft of men for military service in 1917
1. Fighting the war
2. Financing the war
3. War boards
4. Propaganda, public opinion, civil liberties – Espionage Act – 1917 enacted severe penalties for anyone engaged in disloyal or treasonable activities
4. Wilson's Fourteen Points = his list of terms for resolving WWI and future
1. Treaty of Versailles = “big Four” GB = George US = Wilson, France =Clemenceau, Italy = Orlando / treaty imposed harsh penalties on Germany / territorial changes and disarmament; League of Nations
2. Ratification fight
5. Postwar demobilization
1. Red scare = fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life (also in the 1950’s)
2. Labor strife
New Era: The 1920s
1. Myth of isolation
1. Replacing the League of Nations (world organization established after WWI to promote peaceful cooperation between countries ) Not ratified by US “Irreconcilables” isolationist Senators who opposed any treaty ending WWI that had League of Nations in it
2. Business and diplomacy 1924 Dawes Plan = Arranged US loans to Germany to enable them to pay reparations to Britain and France which helped Britain and France to repay their debts to US ( with crash in 1929 the US $ dried up and Germany had to stop with their payments)
3. Washington Naval Disarmament Conference= meeting in 1921-22 where world leaders agreed to limit construction of large warships
4. Kellogg- Briand Pact = 1928 agreement in which many nations agreed to “outlaw war”
Depression, 1929-1933
1. Hoover-Stimson diplomacy; Japan
New Deal
1. Franklin D. Roosevelt
2. American people in the Depression
1. Mexican American deportation = repatriation Mexican Americans were encouraged, forced by local state and federal authorities to return to Mexico in the 1930’s
2. The racial issues
Diplomacy in the 1930s
1. Good Neighbor Policy= FDR expanded our Latin American trade and so as to combat the depression and won Latin American friendshipLondon Economic Conference
2. Disarmament
3. Isolationism: neutrality legislation
4. Aggressors: Japan, Italy, and Germany
5. Appeasement = policy of granting concessions in order to keep the peace
6. Rearmament; Blitzkrieg; Lend Lease Act = passed in 1941 to allow President FDRoosevelt to sell of lend war supplies to any country whose defense he considered vital to the safety of the United States
1. Atlantic Charter = joint declaration made by Great Britain and US during WWII that endorsed national self determination and an international system of general security
2. Internment of Japanese Americans
3. Pearl Harbor
The Second World War
1. Organizing for war
1. Mobilizing production
2. Propaganda
2. The war in Europe, Africa, and the Mediterranean; D Day : Tripartite Pact = agreement that created and alliance between Germany Italy Japan Saturation bombing = tactic of dropping massive amounts of bombs in order to inflict maximum damage
3. The war in the Pacific: Hiroshima, Nagasaki
4. Diplomacy
1. War aims
2. Wartime conferences: Teheran, Yalta conference- 1945 strategy meeting between Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin, Potsdam
5. Postwar atmosphere; the United Nations= founded in 1945 to promote peace , Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 document issued by the UN to promote basic human rights and freedoms, War Refugee Board = US government agency founded in 1944 to save European Jews
Truman and the Cold War
1. Postwar domestic adjustments = Central Intelligence Agency CIA created in 1947 by Congress as an intelligence gathering organizations
2. The Taft-Hartley Act = restricted power of labor unions
3. Civil Rights and the election of 1948
4. Containment in Europe and the Middle East “Iron Curtain speech”= term coined by Winston Churchill to describe the border between the Soviet satellite states and Western Europe 1. Truman Doctrine = his promise to help nations struggling against communist movements Marshall Plan = offered economic aid to Western European nations after World War II Berlin crisis NATO= democratic military alliance formed to counter Soviet expansion Warsaw Pact = military alliance of Soviet Union and its satellite states
5. Revolution in China
6. Domino Theory = idea that if a nation falls to communism, its closest neighbors will also fall under communist control
7. Limited war: Korea = 38th Parallel = dividing line between North Korea (communist) and South Korea (democratic supported by US) , MacArthur
Eisenhower and Modern Republicanism
1. John Foster Dulles' foreign policy
1. Massive retaliation = US would respond to communist threats to its allies by threatening to use crushing, overwhelming force perhaps even nuclear weapons brinkmanship = Dulles believed that only by going to the brink of war could the US protect its allies, discourage communist aggression and prevent war
2. Nationalism in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Latin America
3. Khrushchev and Berlin
2. Suez Crisis – Egypt’s President Nassar tried to use US v USSR rivalry by trying to get funding for a dam on the Nile river from US and GB but when he recognized Communist China and began talks with USSR Eisenhower withdraws offer and Nassar Nationalized the Suez Canal (guarded by British) and GB and France joined forces with Israel to invade and get back. Eisenhower criticized Western allies and refused to supply them with US oil so they were force to withdraw from Egypt
3. Eisenhower Doctrine = US would use force to help any Middle Eastern nation threatened by communism ( used later to justify sending troops into Lebanon in 1958 to put down revolt against pro American gov’t)
4. Space race
? How was Eisenhower’s approach to foreign policy different than Truman’s? Truman believed in using conventional weapons to stop communist aggression while Eisenhower believed money should be spent to build the nuclear arsenal instead.
Kennedy's New Frontier; Johnson's Great Society
1. Foreign Policy
1. Bay of Pigs invasion = 1961 failed invasion of Cuba by a CIA led force of Cuban exiles
2. Berlin Airlift program in which American and British pilots flew supplies to West Berlin during a Soviet blockade
3. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1963 nuclear-weapons agreement that banned above ground nuclear tests
4. Alliance for Progress = promised to resurrect the Good Neighbor Policy towards Latin America promoted economic assistance to Latin America ( not successful)
5. Peace Corps = Kennedy = US Organization that sends volunteers to provided technical, educational and medical services to developing nations “missions of freedom”
6. Cuban missile crisis = 1962 conflict between the US and USSR resulting in the Soviet installation of missiles in Cuba/ JFK calls them on it “on the brink of war” and they remove them
7. Vietnam quagmire Dove = person who is opposed to US involvement in the Vietnam war VietCong = South Vietnamese communist rebels that waged guerilla warfare against the S.Vietnamese government throughout the Vietnam conflict. Tet offensive = communist assault on a large number of South Vietnamese cities early in 1968 My Lai = village in S. Vietnam where in 1968 American soldiers opened fire on unarmed civilians Gulf of Tonkin resolution = 1964 Congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit US Troops to South Vietnam and fight a war against North Vietnam
Nixon
1. Election of 1968
2. realpolitik = foreign policy promoted by Henry Kissinger during the Nixon administration based on concrete national interests instead of political ideologies
3. Nixon Vietnamization= President Nixon’s plan for gradual withdrawal of US forces as South Vietnamese troops assumed more control-Kissinger foreign policy
1. Vietnam: escalation and pullout = Paris Peace Accords 1973 peace agreement between the US South Vietnam North Vietnam and VietCong that effectively ended the Vietnam war
2. China: restoring relations – Nixon was first President to visit communist China
3. Soviet Union: détente = flexible diplomacy adopted by Nixon to ease tensions between US USSR and People’s Republic of China
4. War Powers Act 1973- law passed by Congress limiting the Presidents war-making powers by requiring the President to consult Congress before committing American forces to a foreign conflict.
5. Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty (SALT I) 1972 treaty between the US and USSR that froze the deployment of intercontinental ballistic missiles and placed limits on antiballistic missiles
The United States since 1974
1. Carter
1. Energy and inflation – OPEC= Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
2. Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty (SALT II) 1979 treaty between the US and USSR that proposed to limit certain types of nuclear arms production which was never ratified by the US Senate
3. Camp David accords = 1978 agreement brokered by President Jimmy Carter between Egyptian and Israeli leaders that made a peace treaty between the two nations possible
4. Iranian hostage crisis
5. Helsinki Accords = agreement made in 1975 among the US, Canada, and European nations, including the Soviet Union in which all nations agreed to support human rights
2. Reagan
1. Defense buildup Strategic Defense Initiatives (SDI) =nicknamed Star Wars Reagan’s plan to develop innovative defenses to guard the USA against nuclear missile attacks
2. New disarmament treaties
3. Glasnost = Russian term for “openness” a policy in the Soviet Union in the 1980’s calling for open discussion of national problems
4. Foreign crises: the Persian Gulf = Operation Desert Storm (1991) American led attack on Iraqi forces after Iraq refused to withdraw its troops from Kuwait
5. Iran Contra Affair = political scandal under President Reagan involving the use of money from secret arms sales to Iran to illegally support the Contras (anticommunist counterrevolutionaries who opposed the Sandanistas government in the 1980’s) in Nicaraugua
3. George Bush – invasion force sent to Panama to oppose General Noriega accused of funneling illegal drugs to the US and using brutal methods to oppose democracy – invasion condemned by Organization of American States and UN – he was arrested and brought to US for trial
5. . Taliban – Islamic fundamentalist faction that controlled most of Afghanistan from 1996-2001
5. Patriot Act 2001 – law passed following September 11, 2001 attacks which give law enforcement officials broader powers in monitoring possible terrorist activities
*Weapons of Mass Destruction WMD = nuclear, biological and chemical weapons intended to kill or harm on a large scale